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In the case of explanation of redshift, which I successfully explained as a systematic geometric error in a spherical universe, I had some other ideas that turned out not to be useful, such as ‘reddening’ of light in its travel.  But even when incorrect, some ideas have some merit toward a better explanation of phenomena.  In the case of mass, I have previously brought up the issue of whether ‘mass’ can be assigned with some sense to highly unstable objects such as these ‘particles’ with a half-life in the range of 10^{-8} seconds or less.  If we stick to stable objects such as protons, is it not possible that their stability depends on properties of three dimensional extrinsic geometry in a 4-sphere?  In the case of protons, the ‘quark structure’ is two up quarks and a down.  My intuition says that these ‘quarks’ are not particles at all but geometric properties of the proton.  To give a sketchy idea, consider that stable particles have some geometry which keeps them stable, for instance a submanifold with two directions with the same principal curvatures (up) and one with a different principal curvature (down).  The stable geometric structure of this proton would have a potential energy $E_0$ and mass $E_0/c^2$.